What is Required Management System?
Management System refers to the minimum structured framework of policies, processes, and procedures that an organization must implement to achieve compliance, efficiency, and continual improvement in accordance with specific standards, regulations, or business needs.
✅ Key Concepts:
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| Definition | A mandated or essential management framework that governs how an organization operates to meet regulatory, quality, safety, environmental, or customer requirements. |
| Purpose | Ensures consistency, accountability, compliance, and continual improvement in operations. |
| Core Components | Policies, objectives, documented procedures, performance monitoring, internal audits, corrective actions, and management reviews. |
| Applicable Standards | ISO 9001 (Quality), ISO 14001 (Environment), ISO 45001 (Occupational Health & Safety), ISO/IEC 27001 (Information Security), etc. |
| Customization | Tailored to specific industries, products, and stakeholder requirements. |
📌 Why is it “Required”?
“Required” implies either:
- Legal or regulatory obligation (e.g., food safety laws, environmental laws),
- Industry standard compliance (e.g., ISO, IATF, GMP),
- Customer-specific needs (e.g., supplier qualification programs),
- Internal governance (e.g., risk mitigation, process control).
🧩 Example Types of Required Management Systems:
| Type | Standard | Industry |
|---|---|---|
| Quality Management | ISO 9001 | Manufacturing, Services |
| Environmental Management | ISO 14001 | Waste Management, Energy |
| Health & Safety | ISO 45001 | Construction, Industrial |
| Information Security | ISO/IEC 27001 | IT, Finance |
| Food Safety | ISO 22000, HACCP | Food Processing |
| Medical Devices | ISO 13485 | Healthcare, Pharma |
| Energy Management | ISO 50001 | Utilities, Infrastructure |
🏭 Industrial Application:
Required Management Systems are integrated into daily operations to:
- Streamline processes
- Minimize risk
- Improve customer satisfaction
- Ensure legal compliance
- Enable audits and certification
📚 Example:
A pharmaceutical company must implement a Required Quality Management System (QMS) under ISO 13485 and GMP guidelines to manufacture safe and effective drugs. Without it, the company cannot legally operate or supply to regulated markets.
Who is Required Management System?
✅ Entities That Require a Management System:
| Entity | Reason |
|---|---|
| Organizations seeking ISO certification | Must implement a Required Management System aligned with the relevant ISO standard (e.g., ISO 9001, 14001, 45001). |
| Regulated industries | Compliance with government laws and sector-specific regulations requires a formal management system. |
| Manufacturers and suppliers | To meet customer demands, supplier audits, or international trade requirements. |
| Service providers | To ensure service consistency, improve customer satisfaction, and meet contractual obligations. |
| Startups or SMEs | To scale operations, reduce risk, and prepare for external funding, audits, or certifications. |
| Public sector/government departments | For transparency, accountability, and effective resource management. |
| Educational institutions and hospitals | For quality assurance, accreditation, and patient/student safety. |
| Contractors and construction companies | Often mandated by clients to have certified systems (e.g., ISO 45001 for safety). |
👤 Roles Within Organizations That Use a Management System:
| Role | Responsibility |
|---|---|
| Top Management | Leadership, resource allocation, strategic direction |
| Quality/Compliance Managers | Designing, implementing, and maintaining the system |
| Department Heads | Ensuring process-level compliance and reporting |
| Internal Auditors | Monitoring system effectiveness and compliance |
| Employees | Following documented procedures and contributing to improvement |
🏭 Examples:
- An automotive parts manufacturer must implement an IATF 16949-based Quality Management System to supply parts to car companies.
- A hospital is required to follow NABH accreditation standards, which involve a comprehensive management system for quality and patient safety.
- A construction firm bidding on a government project must have an ISO 45001 Occupational Health & Safety Management System in place.
When is Required Management System?
✅ Required Management System is Needed When:
| Situation | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Before applying for certifications (e.g., ISO) | A management system must be in place to qualify for certification audits like ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001, etc. |
| When entering regulated markets | Many industries (pharma, aerospace, food) require documented systems to meet regulatory laws. |
| Before client onboarding or tenders | Customers and public tenders often require certified systems as part of eligibility. |
| After non-conformities or quality failures | Implementation becomes necessary to fix process gaps and avoid future issues. |
| During organizational growth or restructuring | A system is essential to ensure scalable, repeatable, and controlled operations. |
| After internal/external audit recommendations | Auditors may mandate or recommend implementing a formal system for improvement. |
| When pursuing excellence or business maturity models | Systems like TQM, Six Sigma, and EFQM require structured management systems. |
📆 Lifecycle Timeline of Required Management System Implementation:
- Assessment Phase – Identify need (compliance, customer, legal, etc.)
- Planning Phase – Define scope, objectives, assign roles
- Implementation Phase – Document policies, train staff, deploy processes
- Monitoring Phase – Conduct internal audits, gather data
- Certification or Compliance Audit – External body verifies implementation
- Continuous Improvement Phase – Regular reviews, updates, corrective actions
🏢 Real-World Triggers:
| Trigger | Example |
|---|---|
| Government regulation | A food company must comply with FSSAI and ISO 22000 before selling packaged food. |
| Client contract | An IT vendor must have ISO/IEC 27001 to handle a bank’s data. |
| Product export | A manufacturer needs ISO 9001 certification to export to Europe. |
| Safety incident | A factory introduces ISO 45001 after an accident to ensure worker safety. |
Where is Required Management System?
✅ Locations and Contexts Where a Required Management System Is Needed:
1. Industries
| Industry | Common Required Management Systems |
|---|---|
| Manufacturing | ISO 9001 (Quality), IATF 16949 (Automotive) |
| Construction | ISO 45001 (Occupational Health & Safety), ISO 14001 (Environment) |
| Healthcare & Pharma | ISO 13485 (Medical Devices), GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice), NABH |
| Food & Beverage | ISO 22000, HACCP, FSSAI regulations |
| IT & Data Security | ISO/IEC 27001 (Information Security), GDPR compliance |
| Oil & Gas / Energy | ISO 50001 (Energy), ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001/ISO 45001 |
| Education | NAAC, ISO 21001 (Educational Organizations) |
2. Geographies
| Region | Requirement |
|---|---|
| European Union | CE marking and ISO-based QMS often mandatory for exporters |
| United States | FDA, OSHA, ISO, and ANSI compliance for specific industries |
| India | BIS, FSSAI, NABL, NABH, ISO certifications for industry-specific operations |
| Middle East | ISO 9001, ISO 45001, and local civil defense approvals |
| Global Corporates | Multinational companies implement integrated management systems to ensure uniformity across borders |
3. Within Organizations
| Department | Management Focus |
|---|---|
| Production | Process control, defect prevention (ISO 9001, IATF 16949) |
| HR & Admin | Compliance with labor and safety regulations (ISO 45001) |
| IT | Data protection, information security (ISO/IEC 27001) |
| Procurement & Supply Chain | Vendor quality, traceability (ISO 9001, ISO 28000) |
| R&D | Risk-based design controls (ISO 13485, ISO 31000) |
🏭 Example:
- A chemical manufacturing plant in Gujarat, India must implement ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System) and ISO 45001 (Health & Safety) due to pollution control board regulations and worker safety laws.
- A hospital in Dubai seeking JCI or ISO certification must adopt a formal quality and safety management system to maintain international standards of patient care.
How is Required Management System?
A systematic and phased approach is essential. Here’s the standard process followed in most industries:
🛠️ Step-by-Step Implementation Process:
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. Gap Analysis | Compare current processes against required standard(s) (e.g., ISO 9001, ISO 45001) to identify what’s missing. |
| 2. Define Scope & Objectives | Determine which processes, locations, and activities will be covered by the management system. |
| 3. Leadership Commitment | Top management must actively support the system by allocating resources and setting strategic direction. |
| 4. Policy & Procedure Development | Create documented policies, procedures, SOPs, and manuals tailored to the organization’s needs. |
| 5. Risk Assessment | Identify and evaluate risks (e.g., safety, quality, security) and implement controls. |
| 6. Training & Awareness | Train employees on their roles, procedures, and compliance requirements. |
| 7. Implementation & Control | Put the system into action across all relevant departments with process controls and record-keeping. |
| 8. Monitoring & Measurement | Use KPIs, internal audits, inspections, and feedback to measure performance. |
| 9. Internal Audit | Conduct audits to check compliance and effectiveness of the system. |
| 10. Management Review | Senior management reviews performance and makes decisions for improvement. |
| 11. Certification (if applicable) | An external body (like ISO auditors) assesses and certifies the system. |
| 12. Continual Improvement | Ongoing corrective actions, process revisions, and innovation keep the system effective and evolving. |
🔄 Integration with Business Operations
A well-implemented Required Management System becomes part of daily operations, not just documentation. It supports:
- Decision-making with data (e.g., non-conformance reports, customer feedback)
- Strategic goals (e.g., customer satisfaction, cost reduction, compliance)
- Culture of quality, safety, or sustainability
📊 Tools & Techniques Used
| Tool/Technique | Purpose |
|---|---|
| PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act) | Framework for continuous improvement |
| Root Cause Analysis (RCA) | Problem-solving methodology |
| Process Mapping | Visualizing workflows |
| Corrective & Preventive Action (CAPA) | Addressing failures and preventing recurrence |
| Audit Checklists | Standardized compliance evaluations |
| Document Control Systems (DMS) | Manage SOPs, records, manuals electronically |
🏭 Example:
A precision engineering firm implements an ISO 9001:2015 QMS by:
- Mapping out their CNC machining and inspection processes
- Creating SOPs for each step
- Training operators and QA staff
- Using internal audits and customer feedback to drive quality improvement
- Getting certified by a third-party registrar
Case Study on Management System?
Title: Implementing ISO 9001 Quality Management System in a Mid-Sized Manufacturing Company
🏢 Company Overview:
- Name: Precision Tools Pvt. Ltd.
- Industry: CNC Machining and Auto Components
- Location: Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Size: 200 employees
- Challenge: Inconsistent product quality, rising rework rates, loss of export clients due to lack of certification
🎯 Objective:
To implement a Required Quality Management System (QMS) based on ISO 9001:2015, aiming for:
- Consistent product quality
- Reduced non-conformities
- Compliance with international customer requirements
- ISO certification within 9 months
🛠️ Implementation Process:
| Phase | Activities |
|---|---|
| 1. Gap Analysis | Assessed existing quality practices against ISO 9001:2015 clauses. Identified missing SOPs, lack of document control, and absence of internal audits. |
| 2. Management Commitment | Top leadership defined a Quality Policy, appointed an MR (Management Representative), and approved resources. |
| 3. Documentation | Created a quality manual, process SOPs, inspection formats, and NCR registers. Introduced document control using simple DMS software. |
| 4. Risk Management | Implemented FMEA in production processes to identify critical failure points. |
| 5. Training | Conducted awareness sessions and QMS training for shop floor staff, engineers, and department heads. |
| 6. Process Controls | Introduced in-process inspection, calibration tracking, and traceability labels for raw materials. |
| 7. Internal Audit | Conducted two rounds of audits to ensure compliance, using ISO-based audit checklists. Addressed 12 non-conformities through CAPA. |
| 8. Management Review | Top management reviewed audit results, customer complaints, KPIs, and approved system updates. |
| 9. Certification Audit | External certification body conducted the audit with minor non-conformities, which were closed within 15 days. |
✅ Results Achieved:
| KPI | Before | After (6 Months Post-Certification) |
|---|---|---|
| Customer Complaints | 8/month | 1/month |
| Rework Rate | 6.5% | 1.2% |
| On-Time Delivery | 84% | 97% |
| New Export Orders | 0 | 3 OEM contracts secured |
📌 Key Success Factors:
- Strong management leadership
- Involvement of shop floor workers in SOP development
- Continuous internal audits and review
- Quick implementation of corrective actions
- Simple, user-friendly documentation
🧠 Lessons Learned:
- A management system is most effective when it is practical and embedded into daily routines.
- People engagement is just as important as process control.
- Small investments in tools like barcode traceability and DMS can significantly improve compliance.
- Certification is not the end goal — continual improvement is.
White paper on Management System?
Title:
“Building Resilient and Compliant Organizations through Required Management Systems: A Strategic Framework for Sustainable Performance”
🧩 Executive Summary:
Organizations today operate in a complex landscape defined by global competition, regulatory scrutiny, technological disruption, and stakeholder expectations. A Required Management System provides a structured, scalable, and auditable framework that helps organizations meet these challenges efficiently.
This white paper explores the necessity, design, implementation, and impact of Required Management Systems across industries, supported by standards such as ISO 9001 (Quality), ISO 14001 (Environment), and ISO 45001 (Occupational Health & Safety).
📌 Purpose and Scope:
- Define what a Required Management System is
- Explain its role in compliance, risk reduction, and operational excellence
- Outline a structured framework for implementation and integration
- Present data-backed benefits and practical recommendations for leaders and quality professionals
1. 🔍 What is a Required Management System?
A Required Management System (RMS) refers to a formalized set of policies, procedures, processes, and controls an organization must establish to comply with:
- International standards (e.g., ISO, IATF, GMP)
- Legal regulations (e.g., OSHA, FSSAI, GDPR)
- Customer or industry requirements
- Internal governance goals
RMS transforms organizational objectives into actionable strategies, ensuring quality, consistency, safety, environmental protection, and data security.
2. 🏭 Relevance Across Industries
| Industry | Standard | Key Compliance Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing | ISO 9001, IATF 16949 | Quality and process control |
| Pharma & Healthcare | ISO 13485, GMP | Product safety and documentation |
| Construction | ISO 45001, ISO 14001 | Worker safety and environmental compliance |
| IT & Data | ISO/IEC 27001, GDPR | Information security and data privacy |
| Food | ISO 22000, HACCP | Food safety and hygiene |
3. 🧱 Key Components of a Required Management System
- Leadership & Policy – Top-level commitment, vision, and resources
- Planning & Risk Management – Strategic objectives, SWOT, and mitigation plans
- Process Mapping – SOPs, flowcharts, KPIs, and performance indicators
- Support Functions – Training, infrastructure, and communication
- Operational Control – Defined workflows, roles, responsibilities
- Monitoring & Evaluation – Internal audits, reviews, inspections
- Improvement Cycle – Corrective/preventive actions, continual improvement (PDCA)
4. 🧭 Implementation Framework
PHASE 1: INITIATION
- Gap analysis
- Stakeholder alignment
- Project planning
PHASE 2: SYSTEM DESIGN
- Draft policies and objectives
- Develop documentation and control system
PHASE 3: DEPLOYMENT
- Train staff
- Pilot critical processes
- Start internal audits
PHASE 4: CERTIFICATION & BEYOND
- Third-party audits
- Continuous improvement programs
- Integration with other standards (IMS)
5. 📈 Benefits of Implementing a Required Management System
| Benefit | Impact |
|---|---|
| Risk Mitigation | Identifies operational, legal, and financial risks |
| Regulatory Compliance | Ensures adherence to local/international laws |
| Process Efficiency | Reduces waste, rework, and delays |
| Customer Satisfaction | Boosts quality, reliability, and trust |
| Employee Engagement | Clear roles, training, and ownership |
| Market Access | Enables entry into certified-supplier programs globally |
6. 🧪 Real-World Data Snapshot
A 2024 survey by the Quality Council of India reported:
- 89% of certified SMEs saw a reduction in customer complaints
- 76% reported improved operational efficiency within 1 year
- 68% gained access to new international clients or markets
7. 📊 Challenges and Mitigation
| Challenge | Solution |
|---|---|
| Resistance to Change | Early stakeholder involvement, change champions |
| Documentation Overload | Use simple, digital tools (e.g., SharePoint, Google Drive) |
| Skill Gaps | Structured training and competency mapping |
| Audit Anxiety | Mock audits and continuous internal reviews |
8. 🧭 Strategic Recommendations
- Make management systems part of company culture, not just compliance tools
- Adopt digital QMS software to streamline audits, CAPA, and training logs
- Start with one standard, then build an Integrated Management System (IMS)
- Use data analytics and dashboarding to track KPIs in real time
- Involve cross-functional teams for stronger implementation ownership
9. 🔮 Future Outlook
By 2030, AI-driven audits, automated risk alerts, and blockchain-based traceability will transform management systems into real-time business control towers, making compliance predictive and performance-driven.
📚 References
- ISO.org – Management System Standards
- Quality Council of India – Implementation Trends 2024
- IATF Global Oversight – Supplier Certification Report
- BSI Group – ISO 9001 Benefits Whitepaper
📥 Appendix
- Sample ISO 9001 Process Flow
- Internal Audit Checklist Template
- SWOT Matrix for RMS Implementation
- CAPA Format
Industrial Application of Management System?
A Required Management System is not just a compliance document—it’s a strategic operational tool applied across industries to achieve quality, safety, sustainability, and performance excellence. Here’s how it’s practically applied in various industrial sectors:
✅ 1. Manufacturing Industry
System Applied: ISO 9001 (Quality Management System), IATF 16949
Application:
- Standardizes machining, assembly, and inspection processes
- Ensures defect-free products through process control and final QC
- Facilitates continual improvement via corrective/preventive actions
- Supports vendor management and traceability in the supply chain
📍 Example: Automotive part suppliers use IATF 16949 to qualify as OEM vendors.
✅ 2. Construction & Infrastructure
System Applied: ISO 45001 (Occupational Health & Safety), ISO 14001 (Environmental)
Application:
- Manages worker safety at construction sites
- Tracks environmental impacts like noise, waste, and emissions
- Ensures PPE usage, incident reporting, and emergency response
- Helps in risk assessments and contractor control
📍 Example: Metro rail projects require all contractors to maintain ISO 45001 compliance.
✅ 3. Pharmaceutical & Healthcare
System Applied: ISO 13485 (Medical Devices), GMP, NABH (Hospitals)
Application:
- Controls batch manufacturing and equipment sterilization
- Manages documentation for regulatory audits (FDA, CDSCO)
- Ensures product recalls and pharmacovigilance systems
- Assures patient care quality in hospitals and clinics
📍 Example: A hospital uses NABH-accredited systems to improve patient safety protocols.
✅ 4. Food & Beverage
System Applied: ISO 22000, HACCP, FSSAI
Application:
- Ensures food safety from sourcing to packaging
- Applies CCP (Critical Control Points) monitoring and hygiene audits
- Prevents contamination through staff training and controlled environments
- Tracks supplier compliance and product recalls
📍 Example: Packaged snack brands use ISO 22000 systems to meet both FSSAI and export regulations.
✅ 5. Information Technology & Cybersecurity
System Applied: ISO/IEC 27001 (Information Security Management System)
Application:
- Implements access control, encryption, and security audits
- Supports data backup, disaster recovery, and incident response
- Enables compliance with GDPR, HIPAA, or RBI IT Guidelines
- Protects customer data and IT assets from breaches
📍 Example: Fintech firms apply ISO/IEC 27001 to handle banking data securely.
✅ 6. Energy, Oil & Gas
System Applied: ISO 50001 (Energy), ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001
Application:
- Monitors energy usage across plants and substations
- Ensures safety in hazardous environments (PPE, LOTO, MSDS)
- Prevents oil spills, leakages, and fire risks
- Integrates environment and safety KPIs into operations
📍 Example: Refineries use integrated management systems to meet Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) norms.
✅ 7. Education & Research Institutions
System Applied: ISO 21001 (Educational Organizations), NAAC Accreditation
Application:
- Monitors teaching quality, exam integrity, and student satisfaction
- Enables feedback systems for stakeholders (students, parents, faculty)
- Drives structured learning outcomes and curriculum planning
📍 Example: Engineering colleges use ISO 21001 to prepare for NBA and NAAC evaluations.
🎯 Benefits Across Industries:
| Benefit | How it Applies |
|---|---|
| Standardization | Uniform processes across sites/branches |
| Compliance | Fulfills legal, customer, and certification requirements |
| Operational Control | Real-time monitoring, KPIs, and alerts |
| Continuous Improvement | Feedback loops, audits, and reviews improve systems |
| Stakeholder Trust | Customers, regulators, and investors gain confidence |
References
- ^ “FitSM Part 0: Overview and vocabulary”. Itemo. 2015-04-01. Archived from the original on 2015-08-31. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
- ^ “ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary”. iso.org. International Organization for Standardization. 2020-10-12. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
- Bourgeois, David T. (2014). Information Systems for Business and Beyond. The Saylo Academy. p. 5.
- ^ “What is Management Information Systems?”. Mays Business School. January 2009. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015.
- ^ “Leveraging People Processes and Technology”. Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of Technology. April 28, 2017.
- ^ “Management Information Systems”. umassd.edu. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
- ^ Lucey, Terry; Lucey, Terence (2004). Management Information Systems. Cengage Learning EMEA. ISBN 978-1-84480-126-8.
- ^ Laudon, Kenneth C.; Laudon, Jane P. (2009). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (11 ed.). Prentice Hall/CourseSmart. p. 164.
- ^ Boykin, George (September 26, 2017). “The History of Management Information Systems”. bizfluent.com. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
- ^ “Management Information Systems Aka MIS: A Versatile Degree in a Growing Field”. JSOM Perspectives. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
- ^ Bidgoli, Hossein, (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 707.
- ^ “CRM Done Right”. Harvard Business Review. November 1, 2004. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
- ^ Bond, Vince Jr. (May 8, 2017). “Survivors of DMS shifts tell their tales”. Automotive News. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
- ^ (1995), Strategic Information Systems Planning: A Review. Information Resources Management Association International Conference, May 21–24, Atlanta.
- ^ “Delivering Business Analytics and Technology Solutions”. Saunders College of Business, Rochester Institute of Technology. April 28, 2017.
- ^ Costa, A; Ferreira, C.; Bento, E.; Aparicio, F. (2016). “Enterprise resource planning adoption and satisfaction determinants”. Computers in Human Behavior. 63: 659–671. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.090. hdl:10071/12282.
- ^ Taylor, Victoria. “Supply Chain Management: The Next Big Thing?”. Sept. 12, 2011. Business Week. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ Lynn, Samara. “What is CRM?”. PC Mag. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ Joshi, Girdhar (2013). Management Information Systems. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 9780198080992.
- Saleh, Mahmoud; Esa, Yusef; Mohamed, Ahmed (8 January 2018). “Communication Based Control for DC Microgrids – IEEE Journals & Magazine”. Publications and Research. doi:10.1109/TSG.2018.2791361. S2CID 67870651.
- ^ Saleh, Mahmoud; Esa, Yusef; Mohamed, Ahmed; Grebel, Haim; Rojas-Cessa, Roberto (October 2017). “Energy management algorithm for resilient controlled delivery grids – IEEE Conference Publication”. Publications and Research. doi:10.1109/IAS.2017.8101777. S2CID 25847292.
- Pradhan, S. K.; Chakraborty, B. (2022-07-01). “Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques”. Journal of Energy Storage. 51: 104427. Bibcode:2022JEnSt..5104427P. doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.104427. ISSN 2352-152X.
- ^ Barsukov, Yevgen; Qian, Jinrong (May 2013). Battery Power Management for Portable Devices. Artech House. ISBN 9781608074914.
- ^ “PCM vs BMS, a dilemma for product designers”. BMS PowerSafe®. 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Kim, Minjoon; So, Jaehyuk (2023-12-01). “VLSI design and FPGA implementation of state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation for electric vehicle battery management systems”. Journal of Energy Storage. 73: 108876. Bibcode:2023JEnSt..7308876K. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.108876. ISSN 2352-152X.
- ^ Liu, Huaqiang; Wei, Zhongbao; He, Weidong; Zhao, Jiyun (October 2017). “Thermal issues about Li-ion batteries and recent progress in battery thermal management systems: A review”. Energy Conversion and Management. 150: 304–330. Bibcode:2017ECM…150..304L. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.016. ISSN 0196-8904.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Chen, Dafen; Jiang, Jiuchun; Kim, Gi-Heon; Yang, Chuanbo; Pesaran, Ahmad (February 2016). “Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells”. Applied Thermal Engineering. 94: 846–854. Bibcode:2016AppTE..94..846C. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.015. ISSN 1359-4311.
- ^ Marius Valle (2016-11-19). “Kapper ledninger for å gi lengre rekkevidde til elbiler”. Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2016-11-20.
- ^ “Different Battery Management System Topology”. Archived from the original on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ Sumukh Rao (2020-04-09). “Qualcomm Quick Charge vs OnePlus Warp Charge vs Oppo VOOC vs USB-PD – Battle of the fast charging technologies”. TechPP. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ Lee, Yu-Lin; Lin, Chang-Hua; Pai, Kai-Jun; Lin, Yu-Liang (2022-09-01). “Modular design and validation for battery management systems based on dual-concentration architectures”. Journal of Energy Storage. 53: 105068. Bibcode:2022JEnSt..5305068L. doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105068. ISSN 2352-152X.
